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Saturday 29 June 2013

Silicon Diodes - Introduction

Phew, that's the last of the lamps all listed up, present and correct. So it's time to move to some slightly more modern components, namely Silicon Diodes.

Diodes are hardly the most exotic component, but you'll be hard pressed to find an electronic circuit without finding one somewhere inside it and they are the cornerstone of the rectification of alternating current to direct current.
I will be making individual posts for each type of diode and thanks to the Internet, fully listing their specifications and properties. They aren't the most exciting components, but if you have found this post you must be interested in them in some way.
Should you need to brush up your diode knowledge, here is an excellent video primer produced by the Wisconsin Technical College System (WTCS) which introduces the student to the key terms and concepts associated with the silicon diode

Where possible I will include the specifications for the characteristics and operating parameters of the diode; such as:

  • Semiconductor material:   The semiconductor material used in the PN junction diode is of paramount importance because the material used affects many of the major diode characteristics and properties. Silicon is the most widely used material as if offers high levels of performance for most applications and it offers low manufacturing costs. The other material that is used is germanium. Other materials are generally reserved for more specialist diodes. The semiconductor material choice is of particular importance as it governs the turn on voltage for the diode - around 0.6volts for silicon and 0.3 volts for germanium, etc..
  • Forward voltage drop (Vf):   Any electronics device passing current will develop a resulting voltage across it and this diode characteristic is of great importance, especially for power rectification where power losses will be higher for a high forward voltage drop. Also RF diodes often need a small forward voltage drop as signals may be small but still need to overcome it.
    The voltage across a PN junction diode arise for two reasons. The first of the nature of the semiconductor PN junction and results from the turn-on voltage mentioned above. This voltage enables the depletion layer to be overcome and for current to flow. The second arises from the normal resistive losses in the device. As a result a figure for the forward voltage drop are a specified current level will be given. This figure is particularly important for rectifier diodes where significant levels of current may be passed.
  • Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV):   This diode characteristics is the maximum voltage a diode can withstand in the reverse direction. This voltage must not be exceeded otherwise the device may fail. This voltage is not simply the RMS voltage of the incoming waveform. Each circuit needs to be considered on its own merits, but for a simple single diode half wave rectifier with some form of smoothing capacitor afterwards, it should be remembered that the capacitor will hold a voltage equal to the peak of the incoming voltage waveform. The diode will then also see the peak of the incoming waveform in the reverse direction and therefore under these circumstances it will see a peak inverse voltage equal to the peak to peak value of the waveform.
  • Maximum forward current:   When designing a circuit that passes any levels of current it is necessary to ensure that the maximum current levels for the diode are not exceeded. As the current levels rise, so additional heat is dissipated and this needs to be removed.
  • Leakage current:   If a perfect diode were available, then no current would flow when it was reverse biased. It is found that for a real PN junction diode, a very small amount of current flow in the reverse direction as a result of the minority carriers in the semiconductor. The level of leakage current is dependent upon three main factors. The reverse voltage is obviously significant. It is also temperature dependent, rising appreciably with temperature. It is also found that it is very dependent upon the type of semiconductor material used - silicon is very much better than germanium.
    The leakage current characteristic or specification for a PN junction diode is specified at a certain reverse voltage and particular temperature. The specification is normally defined in terms of in microamps, μA or picoamps, pA.
  • Junction capacitance:   All PN junction diodes exhibit a junction capacitance. The depletion region is the dielectric spacing between the two plates which are effectively formed at the edge of the depletion region and the area with majority carriers. The actual value of capacitance being dependent upon the reverse voltage which causes the depletion region to change (increasing reverse voltage increases the size of the depletion region and hence decreases the capacitance). This fact is used in varactor or varicap diodes to good effect, but for many other applications, especially RF applications this needs to be minimised. As the capacitance is of importance it is specified. The parameter is normally detailed as a given capacitance (in pF) at a given voltage or voltages. Also special low capacitance diodes are available for many RF applications.
  • Package type:   Diodes can be mounted in a variety of packages according to their applications, and in some circumstances, especially RF applications, the package is a key element in defining the overall RF diode characteristics. Also for power applications where heat dissipation is important, the package can define many of the overall diode parameters because high power diodes may require packages that can be bolted to heatsinks, whereas small signal diodes may be available in leaded formats or as surface mount devices.
If you have any unanswered questions or queries don't forget to leave a comment below, or send me a message via the contact page.

Image of hundreds of diodes in a jumbled mass
Silicon Diodes - quite a few to sort through

Thursday 27 June 2013

For Sale - Atlas A1/228 120 Volt 600 Watt 93.5 mm Photographic Lamp - £8.99

This is an Atlas branded tungsten-halogen photographic lamp, its specifications are as follows:

Ansi or Equivalent Number -FCB/12260R
Volts - 120 V
Watts - 600 W
Base -R7s
Light Centre Length - N/A
Nominal Length - 91.8 mm
Nominal Diameter - 13.5 mm
Light Output - 17000 Lumens
Average Life - 75 Hours

Please note that this is the 120 Volt version, not the 220-240 Volt version. Prices for these vary on-line anywhere from £10 - 40. Get one now, whilst stocks last, for just £8.99.

Delivery within the UK is £3.99, I can send to Europe and Worldwide too; but please ask for a quote first, as rates vary greatly between countries and are prone to rapid price fluctuations. Items will be sent in a foam padded box to ensure safe delivery intact.


Watch this space - image to follow shortly

Tuesday 25 June 2013

For Sale - Sylvania A1/223 EHJ 24 Volt 250 Watt Projection Lamps - £0.99

The Sylvania A1/223 EHJ lamp is an A Class projection lamp, it is commonly used in the "industry standard" Kodak Carousel 2050 slide projector (and some other Kodak variants too), its specifications are as follows:

Ansi or Equivalent Number - 7748/EHJ
Volts - 24 V
Watts - 250 W
Base - G6.35
Light Centre Length - 33.0 mm ± 0.25
Nominal Length - 55 mm
Nominal Diameter - 13.5 mm
Light Output - 8500 Lumens
Average Life - 50 Hours

For sale - Sylvania A1/223 EHJ 24 Volt 250 Watt Projector lamp

Prices for these vary on-line anywhere from £3 - 10. Get one now, whilst stocks last, for just 99p.

Delivery within the UK is £3.99, I can send to Europe and Worldwide too; but please ask for a quote first, as rates vary greatly between countries and are prone to rapid price fluctuations. Items will be sent in a foam padded box to ensure safe delivery intact.



Sunday 23 June 2013

For Sale - Osram Xenophot A1/223 HLX 64655 EHJ 24 Volt 250 Watt Projection Lamps - £1.49

The Philips Osram Xenophot A1/223 lamp is an A Class projection lamp, it is commonly used in the "industry standard" Kodak Carousel 2050 slide projector (and some other Kodak variants too), its specifications are as follows:

Ansi or Equivalent Number - 7748/EHJ
Volts - 24 V
Watts - 250 W
Base - G6.35
Light Centre Length - 33.0 mm ± 0.25
Nominal Length - 55 mm
Nominal Diameter - 13.5 mm
Light Output - 8500 Lumens
Average Life - 50 Hours

Philips Osram Xenophot A1/223 lamp
For sale - Philips Osram Xenophot A1/223 lamp

Prices for these vary on-line anywhere from £3 - 10. Get one now, whilst stocks last, for just £1.49.

Delivery within the UK is £3.99, I can send to Europe and Worldwide too; but please ask for a quote first, as rates vary greatly between countries and are prone to rapid price fluctuations. Items will be sent in a foam padded box to ensure safe delivery intact.



Friday 21 June 2013

For Sale - Mazda G/45 6 Volt 5 Amp P15S Projector Lamp - £2.99

The Mazda G45 lamp is a G Class sound exciter lamp for film projectors, its specifications are as follows:

Ansi or Equivalent Number - N/A
Volts - 6 V
Watts - 5 W
Base - P30s
Light Centre Length - N/A
Nominal Length - N/A
Nominal Diameter - N/A
Light Output - N/A
Average Life - N/A

Mazda G45 film projector sound exciter lamp
Mazda G45 film projector sound exciter lamp

Prices for these vary on-line anywhere from £6 upwards. Get one now, whilst stocks last, for just £2.99.

Delivery within the UK is £3.99, I can send to Europe and Worldwide too; but please ask for a quote first, as rates vary greatly between countries and are prone to rapid price fluctuations. Items will be sent in a foam padded box to ensure safe delivery intact.


Sold Out - Cinetone G/40 6 Volt 1 Amp P15S Projector Lamp - £4.99

The Cinetone G40 lamp is a G Class sound exciter lamp for film projectors, its specifications are as follows:

Ansi or Equivalent Number - N/A
Volts - 6 V
Watts - 1 W
Base - P30s
Light Centre Length - N/A
Nominal Length - N/A
Nominal Diameter - N/A
Light Output - N/A
Average Life - N/A

Cinetone G/40 6 Volt 1 Amp P15S Film projector exciter lamp
Cinetone branded version - G/40 Film projector exciter lamp

Prices for these vary on-line anywhere from £30 upwards. Get one now, whilst stocks last, for just £4.99.

UK postage & packaging costs just £2, Europe and the USA around £4.50 for regular air mail. Items will be sent in a foam padded box to ensure safe delivery. UK postage & packaging costs just £2, Europe and the USA around £4.50 for regular air mail. Items will be sent in a foam padded box to ensure safe delivery.


UPDATE:

23-12-13 - All Remaining Stock Sold Out


Wednesday 19 June 2013

Sold - Atlas G/40 6 Volt 1 Amp P30S Projector Lamp - £4.99

The Atlas G40 lamp is a G Class sound exciter lamp for film projectors, its specifications are as follows:

Ansi or Equivalent Number - N/A
Volts - 6 V
Watts - 1 W
Base - P30s
Light Centre Length - N/A
Nominal Length - N/A
Nominal Diameter - N/A
Light Output - N/A
Average Life - N/A

Atlas G/40 6 Volt 1 Amp P30S film projector exciter lamp
Atlas G40 lamp - the sound exciter lamp for film projectors

Prices for these vary on-line anywhere from £30 upwards. Get one now, whilst stocks last, for just £4.99.

Delivery within the UK is £3.99, I can send to Europe and Worldwide too; but please ask for a quote first, as rates vary greatly between countries and are prone to rapid price fluctuations. Items will be sent in a foam padded box to ensure safe delivery intact.


Updates:

01/07/18 - Sold out

Monday 17 June 2013

Sold - Philips G/29 4 Volt 0.75 Amp 7253C Projector Lamp - £4.99

The Philips G29 lamp is a G Class sound exciter lamp for film projectors, its specifications are as follows:

Ansi or Equivalent Number - N/A
Volts - 4 V
Watts - 0.75 W
Base - P30s
Light Centre Length - N/A
Nominal Length - N/A
Nominal Diameter - N/A
Light Output - N/A
Average Life - N/A

Philips G/29 4 Volt 0.75 Amp 7253C film projector exciter lamp
Philips G/29 4 Volt 0.75 Amp film projector exciter lamp

Prices for these vary on-line anywhere from £7 upwards. Get one now, whilst stocks last, for just £4.99.

UK postage & packaging costs just £2, Europe and the USA around £4.50 for regular air mail. Items will be sent in a foam padded box to ensure safe delivery. UK postage & packaging costs just £2, Europe and the USA around £4.50 for regular air mail. Items will be sent in a foam padded box to ensure safe delivery.


UPDATE:

07/10/14 - Now Sold Out

Saturday 15 June 2013

For Sale - Atlas G/29 4 Volt 0.75 Amp 7253C Projector Lamp - £4.99

The Atlas G29 lamp is a G Class sound exciter lamp for film projectors, its specifications are as follows:

Ansi or Equivalent Number - N/A
Volts - 4 V
Watts - 0.75 W
Base - P30s
Light Centre Length - N/A
Nominal Length - N/A
Nominal Diameter - N/A
Light Output - N/A
Average Life - N/A

Prices for these vary on-line anywhere from £7 upwards. Get one now, whilst stocks last, for just £4.99.

Delivery within the UK is £3.99, I can send to Europe and Worldwide too; but please ask for a quote first, as rates vary greatly between countries and are prone to rapid price fluctuations. Items will be sent in a foam padded box to ensure safe delivery intact.


Watch this space - image to follow shortly

Sold Out - Atlas G5 6 Volt 1 Amp P30S Projector Lamp - £2.99

The Atlas G5 lamp is a G Class sound exciter lamp for film projectors, its specifications are as follows:

Ansi or Equivalent Number - N/A
Volts - 6 V
Watts - 6 W
Base - P30s
Light Centre Length - N/A
Nominal Length - N/A
Nominal Diameter - N/A
Light Output - N/A
Average Life - N/A

Atlas G5 6 Volt 1 Amp P30S sound exciter lamp for film projectors
Atlas G5 lamp - sound exciter lamp for film projectors

Prices for these vary on-line anywhere from £4 upwards. Get one now, whilst stocks last, for just £2.99.

UK postage & packaging costs just £2, Europe and the USA around £4.50 for regular air mail. Items will be sent in a foam padded box to ensure safe delivery. UK postage & packaging costs just £2, Europe and the USA around £4.50 for regular air mail. Items will be sent in a foam padded box to ensure safe delivery.


UPDATES:

31-10-14 Now Sold Out

Thursday 13 June 2013

For Sale - Sylvania DHT 120 Volt 1200 Watt 10H Blue Top Projector Lamp - £4.99

The Sylvania DHT lamp is an A Class projection lamp, its specifications are as follows:

Ansi or Equivalent Number - N/A
Volts - 120 V
Watts - 1200 W
Base - N/A
Light Centre Length - N/A
Nominal Length - N/A
Nominal Diameter - N/A
Light Output - N/A
Average Life - 10 Hours

Sylvania DHT 120 Volt 1200 Watt Projector Lamp
 Sylvania DHT 120 Volt 1200 Watt Projector Lamp - Old Skool

Prices for these vary on-line anywhere from £6 - 25. Get one now, whilst stocks last, for just £4.99.

Delivery within the UK is £3.99, I can send to Europe and Worldwide too; but please ask for a quote first, as rates vary greatly between countries and are prone to rapid price fluctuations. Items will be sent in a foam padded box to ensure safe delivery intact.



Tuesday 11 June 2013

For Sale - Sylvania EHA 120 Volt 500 Watt 75H Blue Dot Projector Lamp - £4.99

The Sylvania EHA lamp is an A Class projection lamp, it is equivalent to the A1/254-120V, its specifications are as follows:

Ansi or Equivalent Number - A1/254-120V, 5968-120V
Volts - 120 V
Watts - 500 W
Base - GY9.5
Light Centre Length - 36.5
Nominal Length - 76 mm
Nominal Diameter - 20 mm
Light Output - N/A
Average Life - 50 Hours

Sylvania EHA 120 Volt 500 Watt 75H Blue Dot Projector Lamp
 Sylvania EHA 120 Volt 500 Watt 75H Blue Dot Projector Lamp

Prices for these vary on-line anywhere from £10 upwards. Get one now, whilst stocks last, for just £4.99.

Delivery within the UK is £3.99, I can send to Europe and Worldwide too; but please ask for a quote first, as rates vary greatly between countries and are prone to rapid price fluctuations. Items will be sent in a foam padded box to ensure safe delivery intact.



Sunday 9 June 2013

Sold Out - Thorn A1/242 240 Volt 1000 Watt G17t Projector Lamp - £7.99

The Thorn A1/242 lamp is an A Class projection lamp, its specifications are as follows:

Ansi or Equivalent Number - 7763C
Volts - 220-240 V
Watts - 1000 W
Base - G17t
Light Centre Length - N/A
Nominal Length - 99.3 mm
Nominal Diameter - 39 mm
Light Output - N/A
Average Life - 50 Hours

Prices for these vary on-line anywhere from £16 - 60. Get one now, whilst stocks last, for just £7.99.

UK postage & packaging costs just £2, Europe and the USA around £4.50 for regular air mail. Items will be sent in a foam padded box to ensure safe delivery.


UPDATE:

09-11-13 - All Remaining Stock Sold Out


Friday 7 June 2013

For Sale - Thorn A1/235 24 Volt 250 Watt Projector Lamp - £7.99

The Thorn A1/235 lamp is an A Class projection lamp, its specifications are as follows:

Ansi or Equivalent Number - 7763C
Volts - 24 V
Watts - 250 W
Base - PG22d
Light Centre Length - N/A
Nominal Length - 56 mm
Nominal Diameter - 13 mm
Light Output - N/A
Average Life - 50 Hours

Thorn A1/235 24 Volt 250 Watt Projector lamp
Thorn A1/235 24 Volt 250 Watt Projector lamp

Prices for these vary on-line anywhere from £18 - 40. Get one now, whilst stocks last, for just £7.99.

Delivery within the UK is £3.99, I can send to Europe and Worldwide too; but please ask for a quote first, as rates vary greatly between countries and are prone to rapid price fluctuations. Items will be sent in a foam padded box to ensure safe delivery intact.



Wednesday 5 June 2013

Sold Out - Thorn A1/216 24 Volt 150 Watt Projector Lamp - £0.99

The Thorn A1/216 lamp is an A Class projection lamp, its specifications are as follows:

Ansi or Equivalent Number -  7158/FCS
Volts - 24 V
Watts - 150 W
Base - G6.35
Light Centre Length - 32.0mm ± 0.5 mm
Nominal Length - 50 mm
Nominal Diameter - 13.5 mm
Light Output - 4700 Lumens
Average Life - 50 Hours

Thorn A1/216 24 Volt 150 Watt Projector Lamp
Thorn branded version of the A1/216 projector lamp

This is the version produced under the Thorn brand. I can also supply the version produced under the Atlas brand.  Prices for these vary on-line anywhere from £1.49 upwards. Either way get one now, whilst stocks last, for just 99p.

UK postage & packaging costs just £2, Europe and the USA around £4.50 for regular air mail. Items will be sent in a foam padded box to ensure safe delivery.


Updates:

17/03/15 - Now Sold Out

Monday 3 June 2013

Sold Out - Atlas A1/216 24 Volt 150 Watt Projector Lamp - £0.99

The Atlas A1/216 lamp is an A Class projection lamp, its specifications are as follows:

Ansi or Equivalent Number -  7158/FCS
Volts - 24 V
Watts - 150 W
Base - G6.35
Light Centre Length - 32.0mm ± 0.5 mm
Nominal Length - 50 mm
Nominal Diameter - 13.5 mm
Light Output - 4700 Lumens
Average Life - 50 Hours

Atlas A1/216 24 Volt 150 Watt Projector Lamp
Atlas A1/216 24 Volt 150 Watt Projector Lamp

This is the version produced under the Atlas brand. I can also supply the version produced under the Thorn brand. Prices for these vary on-line anywhere from £1.49 upwards. Either way get one now, whilst stocks last, for just 99p.

UK postage & packaging costs just £2, Europe and the USA around £4.50 for regular air mail. Items will be sent in a foam padded box to ensure safe delivery.


Updates:

14/03/15 - Now Sold Out - But the last A1/216 in the Thorn brand can be purchased here



Saturday 1 June 2013

For Sale - G.E.C. A1/215 12 Volt 100 Watt Projector Lamp - £0.99

The G.E.C. A1/215 lamp is an A Class projection lamp, its specifications are as follows:

Ansi or Equivalent Number -  7023/FCR
Volts - 12 V
Watts - 100 W
Base - GY6.35
Light Centre Length - 30.0mm ± 0.25 mm
Nominal Length - 44 mm
Nominal Diameter - 11 mm
Light Output - 3000 Lumens
Average Life - 50 Hours

G.E.C. A1/215 12 Volt 100 Watt G.E.C. A1/215 12 Volt 100 Watt Projector Lamp
G.E.C. A1/215 12 Volt 100 Watt Projector Lamp

The A1/215 is also a popular light source for disco moving light units. Prices for these vary on-line anywhere from £1.95 upwards. Either way get one now, whilst stocks last, for just 99p.

Delivery within the UK is £3.99, I can send to Europe and Worldwide too; but please ask for a quote first, as rates vary greatly between countries and are prone to rapid price fluctuations. Items will be sent in a foam padded box to ensure safe delivery intact.